Make Your Own Solid Perfume With This Recipe

Solid perfume is easy to make, plus its practical and it wont spill. It doesnt contain alcohol, which makes this a good perfume project for people who dont want the additive in their perfume. Solid Perfume Ingredients You can find beeswax and oils at most health food stores or craft stores. 1 tablespoon beeswax or petroleum jelly1 tablespoon jojoba oil or sweet almond oil8-15 drops essential oil (fragrance oils used for making perfume)Â  Small clean container (1/2 ounce) to hold your solid perfume If you dont want to purchase a new container for your perfume, look for lip balm tins. Lipstick or Chapstick containers also work well. Make Solid Perfume Melt together the wax or petroleum jelly with the jojoba or sweet almond oil. You can either microwave the ingredients for a few seconds in a microwave-safe container or else you can heat the mixture over a double-boiler.Once this mixture has liquefied, remove it from heat. Stir in the essential oils. You can use a toothpick, straw or even a spoon. Expect your perfume to coat the stirrer, so either use something disposable or else something you can wash (i.e., dont use a wooden spoon, unless you want it to smell pretty forever).Pour the liquid into your final container. Set the lid on top of the container, but leave it ajar. This will help prevent condensation inside your container while minimizing the chance of microbial contamination of the product.Apply the perfume by rubbing a finger on the product to liquefy it, then rub your finger on the area you want to be scented.

I Have A Deep Appreciation Of Music - 856 Words

Every semester, Dickinson College has a Noonday Concert series, in which Dickinson students perform musical pieces they have been working on for our community. The Noonday Concert on October 29, 2015 featured only a few performances that were all beautifully done. However, the one performance that truly left me in awe was Shucheng Yang’s rendition of Chopin’s Étude Op. 10, No. 9. Not only was Yang’s piece the only one of that concert that was not accompanied by a vocalist, but his work allowed me to truly use the skills I have learned in my music classes to develop a deeper appreciation of music. Yang’s demeanor as a pianist, his talent, and his attention to detail allowed him to transform Chopin’s piece into a piece all his own. I have a deep appreciation for Chopin, but I had never been able to see his pieces performed live before I came to Dickinson. The classes I have taken at Dickinson helped give me the language to interpret music, analyze performances, and finally understand why I am so passionate about this form of art. Chopin’s Étude Op. 10, No. 9 is a very difficult but beautiful piece. The piece starts out very high tempo, which leads me to believe that Chopin noted the tempo allegro,or the like, in his sheet music. As Yang was playing, I noticed that his left hand was playing many more notes than his right, which, at first, led me to believe that this piece would be dominated by a lower octave. However, later in the piece, I noticed that the right hand joinedShow MoreRelatedParadise Road Letter751 Words   |  4 Pagesuniversal language of music creates awareness of the humanity and decency of the ‘enemy.’ 1950 To Adrienne, I am writing to you to show my appreciation for you and your women for displaying such a wonderful talent of singing. Music for me is something that I desire, its soothing for my heart. The music you produced is very heart warming and beautiful. I kindly ask you to teach me how to sing this music one day if you want. I also want to state that I and my men express our deep apology for treatingRead MoreThe Phantom Of The Opera1429 Words   |  6 PagesThe movie I chose to examine was The Phantom of the Opera. I have seen the live musical once in New York, but for some odd reason I have never seen the movie version before. Watching it again for this paper, in a whole new format, is as if I’m experiencing it for the first time again. While perhaps I should have picked a musical I have yet to seen before (regardless that it was the live production), I simply could not resist watching perhaps my favorite musical (closely tied with Wicked) and applyingRead MoreMusic : An Explosive Expression Of Humanity1748 Words   |  7 PagesBilly Joel once said, â€Å"I think music in itself is healing. It s an explosive expression of humanity. It s something we are all touched by. No matter what culture we re from, everyone loves music.† In many ways this quote is very accurate both socially and sc ientifically. Music is a vital part of almost every culture and serves many purposes culturally as a means of self expression and communication within a culture and the world at large. While music does serve several external purposes, perhapsRead MoreThe Double Standard Of Cultural Appropriation : What Is Wrong With Your Favorite Pop Stars?1474 Words   |  6 PagesWe tend to define ourselves by what we believe and express our beliefs through certain symbols that are representative of our culture. With culture comes a sense of identity, a sense of self, and when our culture is stolen from us, there is this deep sense of loss. This is the very reason why cultural appropriation is grossly discriminatory and grossly wrong (Okafor, The Huffington Post). The actions of cultural appropriation carry socioeconomic, political and racial implications. Also, appropriationRead MoreThe Tasks Of A Freelancer1126 Words   |  5 Pages As 16th April is observed as Stress Awareness Day and April as Stress Awareness Month, I wish to share a few tips that can help you all, specifically freelancers, to lead a stress free and happy life. Nevertheless, stress is often contemplated as negative feeling, but preparing yourself to reducing and pacing with it is the gateway to many great opportunities. The tasks of a freelancer, is a slackly-defined amalgam of projects, tasks, time, and a plethora of other responsibilities to stretch youRead More Analysis of M.I.A.s Paper Planes Music Video1505 Words   |  7 PagesThere is one universal language: the language of music. Music has a special quality and ability to bridge both social and cultural divides. A proposed theory by Dr. Gray, Founder and Director of National Musical Arts’ BioMusic Program; describes music has been around longer than human-beings have. Music is the one thing human beings from various backgrounds can relate to. Every living creature would agree. Music is heard everywhere not just among humans, but in nature as well, through the twittingRead MoreThe Gentle Meditation, The Violets, By Gwen Harwood1427 Words   |  6 Pagesself-sufficient family full of music, philosophy and language. Harwood can be seen to draw inspiration from her lifelong influences, primarily music and her childhood, to shape her p oems. The gentle meditation, The Violets, is an exploration of the existential concerns of the poet regarding the innocence and experience of childhood. The _____ Four Impromptus conveys ideas of the power of music and the human experience. Both poems display the personal themes of music, childhood innocence, human developmentRead MoreAttitude and Appreciation of the Natural World in Gerard Manley Hopkins and Henry Wadsworth Longfellows Poetry1239 Words   |  5 PagesAttitude and Appreciation of the Natural World in Gerard Manley Hopkins and Henry Wadsworth Longfellows Poetry The simple beauty of nature is an aspect many of us take for granted in our everyday lives - the endearing sounds of birds welcoming another day and the powerful gush of a waterfall being some examples of these. But there are those individuals who have endeavoured to fully comprehend the marvellous complexity of the world around us. Such findings are present inRead MoreMeaning Of Happiness And Fulfillment858 Words   |  4 Pagesstyle accompanied by lasting satisfaction, or is it nothing more than a pot of gold at the end of a rainbow? I want the readers of this paper to walk away enlightened with a sense of real satisfaction and lifelong fulfillment. In the coming paragraphs we will discuss the meaning of happiness and fulfillment, evaluate their differences, explore how people have accomplish happiness, and delve deep into the intellectual barriers that keep us from achieving serenity. What is happiness or fulfillment? TheRead MoreMusic Appreciation Of The New York Philharmonic1422 Words   |  6 Pages The paper at hand is a music appreciation of The New York Philharmonic’s performance of Gustav Holst’s The Planets at Avery Fisher Hall, New York, on 7th July 2013 at 3:00 p.m. This tenth season of Summertime Classics, presented by The New York Philharmonic, features Bramwell Tovey, who has been the host as well as the conductor of this series since its commencement in 2004 (Gilbert, 2013, p.1). Tovey, a Grammy-winning conductor is renowned all around the world as a highly versatile musician due

Revolution Fund Invests in Sweetgreen Salad Chain

Question: Describe about the Revolution Fund Invests in Sweetgreen Salad Chain? Answer: Introduction The market refers to the specific zone of relating the products and services of industrial creation that consists of factor of selling and purchasing. The diverse groups of people participate in the method of availing the preferred items as per their requirements and capabilities. The socio-economic, political, cultural, moral technological, legal and environmental characteristics are greatly manifested within the system of preparing and producing the distinct components of food products. The sustainable efforts of long term plans and mechanism of nourishing the consumers depend upon the principles of satisfactory trends of publicity and brand appreciation of the organisation and the distinguished items (Mattson, 2012). Concepts of Marketing The products generated by the specific industries highlight the concept and understanding of substances, elements of objects or items produced by the particular organisation. (Beatty et al. 2013). The serviceable sector of the Sweet Green Restaurant unit operates in more than fifty nations. The people of United States delineated that they did not consume animal products for two years since 1997. In the year 2007, two percent of the populace of United Kingdom affirmed themselves as vegans. It was commonly found that a significant section of the public suffered from varied diseases like the cardiac arrests. The products generated by the Sweet green high point the concept and understanding of stuffs, elements of objects or items produced by the specific establishment that generates hospitality services to millions of people with modern comforts and amenities. It has worldwide reputation with valuable possessions under the portfolio of Nicholas Jammet, Neman as well as Nathaneil Ru. It originated from an operational store having an area of 500 sq ft eatery that developed into todays Sweet Green Restaurant. The marketing functions are well organised to deal with the valuable consumers that reflect the real picture of understanding the views and expectations of the people (Alden, 2013). The mechanism of motivating and inspiring the varied groups of personnel through eye-catching offers of delicious food products and technological inceptions forms the architectural grounds of product development policies and determine the prices. The doctrines of morality and customs of cordiality serves the significant aspects of delivering the essential modes of transmitting the items of distribution channels. There are exclusive demonstrations to form the concept of brand recognition with internet options for browsing the websites, sending emails, presentation of opinions in the blogs, Facebook etc. In US there are about 30 locations, starting from Washington D.C. to California and Boston which provides fast food options for millions of people. There are opportunities of Sweet green that is fast emerging as a globalised series of eateries with unique approaches, and individuals in the US are awaiting in queue for hours every day, famished for the creative menus that varies accordi ng to the seasonal demands. The promoters perceive their salad chain as a cause to modify the fast-casual nutriments by inculcating the healthier movements along with technology. (Luan and Sudhir, 2010). The salad chain is fast disseminated with brand recognition across the United States. There are arrangements of live demonstrations of Sweet life-occasions, programs for fitness of sweet green passport and current promises to rudimentary education curriculums and plans on vegetarian food. Sweet green has proved that with a veracious approach, even fast-unpremeditated salad chains are able to exceed marketing strategies for beverage and nutrition and transmute the same into a universal standard of living. This assurance by the voice of brand to the menus gives Sweet green a convincing brand personality which adds to the musical serenity of localised flavour of love and lyrics, beats of instruments, healthier degree of charm and passionate ardour to enlighten the spirit of market growth in the international territory (Maze, 2015). Assessment of the impact of the marketing The ideologies and approaches of production abilities highlight wide-ranging landscapes of market culture, business policies, appropriate planning of objectives to project and devise the targets set by the functional enterprise on the basis of assessment of the structure of available resources. The foundation of appropriate skills of marketing strategy of the restaurant business is very vital. Marketing strategy prepares the platform to allow the industry proprietors to direct actions that are dependable among the goals of the production abilities and disseminate the resources and allocate the funds sensibly to yield profitable returns on the values of asset. It demonstrates the capability of tactical manipulations for launching of different promotional plans for settings of protracted tenancy for the execution of rapidity of transmission of values and objectives. (Cemel et al. 2011). Figure: Procedure of service in the Industry (Source: Chiavetta, 2013). Evaluation of the relevance of consumer markets in the industry The protracted tenure of formulating of measures of evolution through various techniques in the fundamental design of interacting with improved proportions of statistics has proved the treating of information in an advanced mode of systematic and logical up gradation in the technological arena. The insinuations of meaningful assets with long period of sustainable efforts have pushed the organisation toward greater incorporation of facts of acquaintance and training of varied creative abilities. The idea of promotion is based on the principle to facilitate the functional restaurant unit to decide customer needs and requirements prior to scheming of products and services (Mattson, 2012). This customer direction results in better command for a companys supplies and facilities and superior levels of client pleasure following the acquisition. Sweet greens primacy lies in the delivery of the preeminent service to its consumers, filled of warmness and approachability. The beneficial ideologies are reflected from the behaviour of the staff that reveals the enthusiasm to satisfy the requests and drive to solve their assertions rapidly. The report highlights skilled services, the menu stuffs regular items, hot and cold dishes, varied pattern of substances of nutrition, beverages and so on. The beautification of the plates, saucers, bowls along with the assurance of qualitative assurance portray the decorum and delivery of products in elegant manner with the arrangement of tables. (Moschis et al. 2015). Discussion of the rationale for developing different market segments The market area covers a wider aspect of the stable and protected regions with the networking services that enclose the supreme population. The cities and the outskirt of the country captures a robust position to have outstanding possessions of the benevolent processes. The scientific and industrial perspective regulates the ultimate structures to dispense the approval of essential services provided to different folks. The people of the community are greatly encouraged to acquire the simple systems of functioning campaigns that ensembles the firmness of apprehending the cost-effective offers and precise rates on different occasions. The Company adopts productive paces to accelerate with great enthusiasm and vigour while establishing different types of outlets in diverse regions (Mullins and Walker, 2013). The younger generations are more inclined toward its services. The market has leaning approaches toward the age groups, family provisions, buying abilities, economical standards, so cial positions, commercial, administrative and personal customs, and diversified lifestyles. The vegetarian menus reflect the tasty ingredients embedded in the foodstuffs with natural ardour. The organic components of food depict discreet styles of preparation that are not heated above 400 C. The nutritive substances do not contain any sort of detrimental chemicals or pesticides. Assessment of the mix of components in marketing mix Products The products refer to the characteristics that attract the consumers with perfect scope of availing services based on the norms of international markets. Product design is implemented in the manufacturing section within the kitchen settings, green salads, fruits like apples, The food has nutritive and healthier ingredients. Price The prices are quite economic and competitive for varied statuses of people. There are diversified schemes of pricing based on the categories of items with its menus and each set of nutritive components to attract clients to the industry. A product simply generates value as a great deal when the persons are ready to compensate for it. Place The Place component of the advertising position is quite significant as it renders the services offered at varied locations of Santa Monica, Georgetown, Logan circle, Hollywood, Dupont Circle and many more in US, Bournemoth, Dorset regions UK and so on. The numerous operational centres provide the modern equipment, objects of creativity, to cherish the interior and exterior settings of enclosures to refresh the environmental situations of comfort. Promotion The publicity of brand image through television channels, advertisements through Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, billboards, nationalised newspapers, printed magazines, campaigning through Restaurants, online display of lucrative service items, penetrate the strategy of productive services. People People of different age groups, culture, social and economic situations are liable to acquire the services. Process The market penetration strategy of the unit inhibits the competent attitude to improvise healthier aspects of treating the people in a sturdy environment. The inception of the networking implementation of the methodological matters along with the physical acclimatisation of the devices along with the food products on the fragments of spaces denote the interim procedure of the organization based on the preparation style, arrangement and development. Physical Evidence There are functional set ups with enhanced architectural platform for infrastructural settings, equipment to support the system of communication links at different sections of operational divisions within the country. The individuals, groups of personnel involved in functional units having various active sections and departments possess normal access to the communication system for interacting with the different regions of US and UK. (Table: Promotional strategy) (Source: Kotlar, 2011) Analysis of the pricing strategies and policies related to the industry The transaction of product through internet marketing as well as offline mode has greatly influenced the priced strategy. The operational supplies predict the actual and sale prices that are reasonable with respect to the different users on the basis of economic, physical and social statuses of the buyers. The reasonable price facilities of the products and services affect the cost of purchaser acquirement, assessment of pricing levels of the contestants, and terms of exchange values. Some customers might be willing to pay a higher price to avail the preferred item (Maze, 2015) The accurate series of cost might enable Sweet green restaurant to earn profitable income from the sale of products and delivering fruitful network packages and solutions. Evaluation of the role of promotional mix The requests, queries and feedbacks of the customers add glamour to the task of processing the comprehensive strategy. The functional events emphasise on the improvement of working culture and style, atmosphere, administrative and technical settings of the operational provisions, industrial area, production abilities, knowledge and skills of the personnel and contribution of communal awareness. The manufacturing pursuits follow the research and development of components for creating novel products and performing the tasks according to the demands of the society. The sales service of the organisation has great significance in supporting the people with suitable means of hospitality. There are online facilities for direct interaction with the corporate heads and the responsible departments to express their views on the quality of service and suggest fruitful advises. The audience have the scope of sending emails, messages through Facebook, Twitter, websites etc. (Venkatesan et al. 2010 ). Analysis of the role that sales promotion and public relations play in promotional efforts The different regions in United States and UK are continuously attempting to generate interesting formulae to create newer range of customers and retain the valuable consumers for their efforts in the management of efficiency and service sectors. The service unit in operational arena cultivates the theme of providing support and care for the people who deserves the attention and nurturing of essential elements of cordiality (Powell, 2014). 4.1 Discussion of the relevance of market research to service industry operations The market research deals with interacting ideals of the value of a creation or provision of service to link with the customers for transaction and business procedures of the specific products or service. The process includes selecting the target areas through perfect modes of market investigation, exploration and market segmentation to apprehend the knowledge and intentions of the consumers while attempting to settle the value of the product (Peck et.al. 2012). The Company aims to satisfy the needs of the consumers and control the activities of community and the environment. Figure: Elements of Market research (Source: Peck et.al. 2012) Market Research of appropriate product or service The Sweet green restaurant group realises the acknowledgement of differentiation of product details by generating diverse range of business yields to relate various regions and speed of the access of information through linking facilities. The statistical system of interpretation of amenities and services differs in each patterns of designed structures that suits the purpose of different age of persons. The technological progression has placed the organization at a comfortable zone to develop the networking procedures, flow of information across the equipment and apparatus, and other instruments to preserve the effective scheme. The installation of new infrastructural set up has been quite rewarding for the organization in the global phase (Kruse, 2013). Analysis of the suitability of different media for marketing for appropriate product or service The Company proposes the advertising techniques and the processes committed to prepare the design and style of reproductions that infiltrate unfathomable penetrations deep into the minds of the consumers with a close look at the type of items and facilities accessible by the invention unit to attain a wider aspect of approaches exhibited to arrest the responsive attitude of the people. According to Cornelio (2014), the nature of the brand inclines to acquire a wider variety of consumers. The Company shows collective pattern of appealing to the community of people as it portrays the pictorial exemplification of the descriptions of the objects in a very eloquent fashion. This method of communication procedures creates an awe-inspiring consequence to build the frame of common awareness and munificence of the society (Bontrager, 2013). Figure: Realistic Aims of Communication Strategy (Source Ny.co.uk, 2015) Evaluation of the implementation for the marketing plan for appropriate product or service The customers usually give appropriate value to the branded products that have acquired international recognition. The clients of the cities normally pay concentration to the production of attractive elements and garnishing related to the series of restaurants that are appropriate for them (Reid, 2014). The marketing plan includes the survey of consumer preferences as per the gender and age variables that sets up the values of market penetration and expansion of amenities. The unique provisions for the product creating abilities and services would render meaningful options to avail the economic rates of distinctive items. The perfect formulation of pricing of items and services are the main criteria of marketing procedures. Age The persons having different age groups have distinct preferences. The customer analysis reveals that the people belonging to the age group from 15 to 35 favours to procure the products of diverse series and rates. They are the main targets of the company who give significant attention to the innovative items. The Company aims to set their goals to capture the attention of the diverse groups of personnel. The senior persons want to avail the heathier food stuffs like salads, fresh fruits, vegetables and drinks. Gender The women and male communities have distinct preferences for the innovative food ingredients, the facilities and comfort of eateries as wells food varieties. Table: Marketing targets of Preference of Hospitality (Source: Kotler et al. 2012) Conclusion The efficient and tactical procedure of the actions and performances of the entire unit enable the functional unit to motivate and empower the potentialities of the workforce and guide them in competent manner. The people, administration and the varied agencies of the corporate and social world are quite aware of the activities of the Sweet green restaurant that extends support to intensify the qualitative approach to yield better results. References Alden, W. (2013). Revolution Fund Invests in Sweetgreen Salad Chain. [online] DealBook. Available at: https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/12/04/revolution-fund-invests-in-sweetgreen-salad-chain/?_r=0 [Accessed 19 Dec. 2015]. Beatty, J., Samuelson, S. and Bredeson, D. (2013). Business law and the legal environment. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Bontrager, B. (2013). Editor's Note. Strategic Enrollment Mgmt Quarterly, 1(2), pp.78-79. Cemal, Z., Azize S., Hakan K.,.and Mehtap . (2011) "The Effects of Brand Communication and Service Quality In Building Brand Loyalty Through Brand Trust; The Empirical Research On Global Brands", Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 24, 12181231 Chernatony, L. and McDonald, M. (2012) Creating Powerful Brands, 4th ed. London: Routledge - Page 244 Chiavetta, D. Porter, A. (2013). Tech mining for innovation management. Technology Analysis Strategic Management, 25(6), pp.617-618 Clarke, A. (2015). International Hospitality Management. London: Taylor Francis. Instagram.com, (2015). @sweetgreen Instagram photos and videos. [online] Available at: https://www.instagram.com/sweetgreen/ [Accessed 19 Dec. 2015]. Kotler, P., Bowen, J. Makens, J. (2012). Market segmentation, targeting, and positioning. In Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism (pp.259-297). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Kruse, D. (2013). Sharing ownership, profits, and decision-making in the 21st century. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Luan, Y. and Sudhir, K. (2010). Forecasting Marketing-Mix Responsiveness for New Products. Journal of Marketing Research, 47(3), pp.444-457. Mattson, E. (2012). Promotion and Marketing Communications. New Delhi: World Technologies. Maze, J. (2015). Sweetgreen receives $35M investment. [online] Nrn.com. Available at: https://nrn.com/corporate-news/sweetgreen-receives-35m-investment [Accessed 19 Dec. 2015]. Moschis, G., Curasi, C., Bellenger, D. (2015). Restaurant selection preferences of mature consumers. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 44(4), 51-60. Mullins, J. Walker, O. (2013). Marketing management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Ny.co.uk, (2015). Sweet Green best salads in NYNY.co.uk. [online] Available at: https://ny.co.uk/restaurants/cheap-restaurants-in-new-york/sweet-green/ [Accessed 19 Dec. 2015]. Peck, H., Christopher, M. and Clark, M. (2012) Relationship Marketing, 5th ed. London: Prentice Hall Powell, T. (2014). Strategic management and the person. Strategic Organization, 12(3), pp.200-207. Reid, R. Bojanic, D. (2014). Information systems for marketing decisions. In Hospitality Marketing Management (pp.222-226). New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. sweetgreen, (2015). menu | sweetgreen. [online] Available at: https://sweetgreen.com/menu/ [Accessed 19 Dec. 2015]. Tepper, R. (2015). The Unlikely Success Of Sweetgreen. [online] The Huffington Post. Available at: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/02/sweetgreen_n_3179969.html?ir=IndiaadsSiteOverride=in [Accessed 19 Dec. 2015]. Venkatesan, R., McAllister, L. and Ganesan, S. (2010) CRM in Data Rich Multi-channel Retailing Environments: A Review and Future Research Directions. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 24(2) Wallace, T. (2013). How One Company Built a Brand to Make You Crave Salad. [online] Mashable. Available at: https://mashable.com/2013/11/14/sweetgreen/#LrD1bWdSF5q4 [Accessed 19 Dec. 2015]. www.abahe.co.uk, (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.abahe.co.uk/business-administration/Marketing-Strategy-and-Competitive-Analysis.pdf [Accessed 17 Dec. 2015].

Iranian Threat to Close Strait of Hormuz

Iran controls the 6.4km stretch Strait of Hormuz. This is a vital gateway for oil which is going to the west. Iran did this to try to gain advantage of the decision of the west to inflict sanctions on the nation. The west had plotted to control oil trade by Iran due to its controversial nuclear program. About 80% of Iran’s external revenue gained from oil exports. The decision was met with different reaction from the world.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Iranian Threat to Close Strait of Hormuz specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The world’s oil supply that passes through the strait is approximately 39%. Closing the Strait of Hormuz will have enormous economic impact on the world economy. The Strait of Hormuz allows a fifth of total oil destine for the world to pass through it. The world might view Iran to be bluffing, as closing the strait would harm Iran’s economy as much as the countrie s to which the oil is destined. Closing the strait means that Iran strangles its own economy. The largest part of the earned government revenue comes from the stretch. Petroleum accounts for the huge revenue earned and most of Iran’s exports support this statement. Iran depends on the Strait for crude oil shipment, as well as many other Gulf countries. The fact that Iran’s pipeline is the cause of these issues, it places the country in a desperate need for the strait. The country is not equipped to construct main pipelines to export their oil products. This means that they cannot afford to do away with the tanker method of exporting the oil. Attempts to close the strait for a long period in trying to cripple economies of the west will damage and cripple Iran’s economy the most (Dougherty and Wilkinson par. 4). The cost of shutting down the Strait of Hormuz is also enormous. It would incur formidable military costs to maintain the closure of the strait. If Iran c loses the strait, it will face dyer military consequences’ from the west. This will bring the war in Iran. The military conflict will come from the west, other supporting nations in the Arab league and oil dependent economies. This conflict plays a role in the strengths of the west as the gulf countries gravely affected by the shutting down the Strait of Hormuz. This means that many Arab nations affected by the closure would offer grounds for aerial and naval attacks on Iran. Iran cannot sustain any war with a united west front and Gulf allies. Their military equipment is inferior and outdated compared to the west. This action inflicts financial strains in trying to elongate a losing war for no financial gain. In the era when many states want to have an opportunity to attack Iran’s nuclear reactors, Iran would be engaged in a losing battle. The current rebellions in Iran will weigh towards the west (Iran threat, par. 4).Advertising Looking for case study on busine ss economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Iran lost close ties with Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. They depend on Qatar and UAE for backing of their policies. In this case, the close ties Iran has with Qatar will diminish with the act of closing the strait. The closure will gravely affect Qatar and the UAE as they use the strait for their exports. This will ruin financial ties between the two states dampening further Iran’s economy. Iraq will lose a lot from the closure and the trade ties emerging with the Shiite government will end (Hausman and McPherson 89). Globally, many other countries would end their ties with Iran. The act will make oil dependent economies seek for new sources for the product they require. The world would start focusing on development of other petroleum sources, such as Canada. Other energy sources would also be sought. Both of these solutions are inadequate for Teheran. The closure of the Strait of H ormuz would be suicidal to the economy of Iran. The western economies’ dampened by the crisis is nothing compared to what Teheran would experience. Most of Iran’s imports of consumer goods, food and gasoline shipped through Hormuz. Closing it would mean Iran is strangling itself from imports it requires (Alfaggy 87). The crude oil prices elevated by $2 per bbl within a day. Therefore, closure would raise the commodities price in the international markets. There are measures taken by the military across the gulf to protect the oil tankers through the region. This military activity supported by the various governments. If the cost, of protection factored in the crude oil prices, then the price per gallon of gas would shoot to around $11 (Magee par. 5). The arrangement worked fine for people who considered international security. This was tailor made to stop Iran from continuing with the production of nuclear facilities. It seems that Iran has decided not to go down alone in the economic downfall that will result into the sanctions to its nation. Iran has now thrown a spanner in the works by threatening to block the Strait of Hormuz. We cannot confirm whether they have the capability to do so or not, but we know for sure the financial implication the world would bear. Now the west has to rethink on its stand on the bluff. If it faces the situation and carries on the sanctions, the world bears the consequence, if not then they swallow their pride. We have to wait and see the implications portrayed. Works Cited Alfaggy, Ibrahim. Strait of Hormuz: a study in political geography. New York: Routledge, 2011. Print.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Iranian Threat to Close Strait of Hormuz specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hausman, Daniel M. and Michael S. McPherson. Economic analysis, moral philosophy, and public policy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. â€Å"Iran threat , Iraq unrest spook oil marketâ€Å". Energy Resources. Dec. 30, 2011. Web. Magee, David. Strait of Hormuz, Iran Threat Looms Large Into 2012 for U.S. December 30, 2011. Web. This case study on Iranian Threat to Close Strait of Hormuz was written and submitted by user Alaina H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Platos Three Waves Essays - Socratic Dialogues, Dialogues Of Plato

Plato's Three Waves The Three Waves In the Republic, Plato, through his character of Socrates, is searching for the definition of justice. During his search he creates a theoretical city of the kallipolis. This city is to be the ideal, good city. After he establishes this city in his mind he realizes that this city goes against some of the major common thought of his time, and for the city to work it must get passed these obstacles. These obstacles, or waves as Socrates calls them, are vital to the city's success. The city of the kallipolis that Socrates discusses is an ideal city and everything must work according to his plan. Socrates feels that the best way to establish a just city would be to create a city that has three classes of people. The three classes are the guardians (rulers), guardians (auxiliaries), and producers (everybody else). Socrates feels that in order for this city to work the best people, or golden people, would be on top as rulers. Then the auxiliary guardians/soldiers, or silver people, would be educated to believe that this is this best city so they will not revolt against the city. These silver people would also be censored in the things they learned, so they would act in accordance to what they learned, i.e. the rulers would not allow the soldiers to read stories of revolution. Finally, the producers, or bronze and iron people, would follow and listen to the guardians above them because of the noble falsehoods that have been told to them. They will believe that the land is mother and that they should be the producers, because that is the way this society is run, they are born into different classes and metals, and they cannot change that. The second noble falsehood Socrates explains is that the people will think that they all have equal opportunity to mate and produce offspring, when in actuality they do not. Instead the strongest males and females, or the most intelligent, moral and most beautiful are chosen to mate in an attempt to breed the best offspring. This will be accomplished through a fixed lottery. Because of the lottery and the myth of the land, the people will agree and continue to live in this fashion and the city will get stronger. Even though Socrates puts this city together well, there are still three waves that the city must get passed. The first wave is common tasks for both men and women, or equality of the sexes. This wave goes against the common thought of Socrates' time because the majority of people felt men should do more than women should. Even Socrates acknowledges that women are weaker than men are, but in this city it is not the strength of the people that count. This city needs intelligent and moral people. If a woman has the qualities to be a guardian she must then be educated the same as the men in the city. Socrates proves this through the following quote ?So one woman may have a guardian nature and another not? Therefore, men and women are by nature the same with respect to guarding the city? Then women of this sort must be chosen along with men of the same sort to live with them and share their guardianship? it isn't against nature to assign an education in music, poetry, and physical traini ng to the wives of the guardians? It's rather the way things are at present that seems to be against nature.? This equality allows for the most intelligent, and moral people to be in the higher classes in this city, and for these people to breed strong offspring in this sense through the fixed lottery. It is to the benefit of the state to allow this, and to its disadvantage to hold women inferior to men. The second wave, although one of the hardest to embrace, is probably one of the most important for Socrates' city to have success. The second wave is women and children are to be held in common. This means that there cannot be marriage and what we see as family. Instead there will be mating of the best men and women so that

A Comparison of the Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning Strategies of Nivea Beiersdorf in the UK and Thailand Essay Example

A Comparison of the Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning Strategies of Nivea Beiersdorf in the UK and Thailand Essay Example A Comparison of the Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning Strategies of Nivea Beiersdorf in the UK and Thailand Paper A Comparison of the Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning Strategies of Nivea Beiersdorf in the UK and Thailand Paper Apart from the operating procedures being done by the Nivea Beiersdorf joint, the need for an efficient analysis of the marketing plans employed the multinational firm is important for the success of its operations in the United Kingdom and Thailand. Both countries exhibit a different set of cultures, as well as a varying array of demographics which greatly affects the STP strategies being used by any company who wishes to successfully penetrate both markets (Kotler, 2003). Nivea Beiersdorf has its foothold in Europe and penetrating the British Market would not be that hard given that the cosmetics and lifestyle company has been there for about sixty years. Nevertheless, the company presence in Thailand, given its totally different demographics than that of the UK, as well as its highly competitive cosmetics market would pose as a challenge in the positioning strategy of Nivea Beiersdorf (2007). The STP strategies to be utilized for both countries should be analyzed with utmost considerations. These considerations will in turn fall under three main parts: the concentrated, undifferentiated, and the differentiated strategies (Kotler, 2003). Concentrated Strategies Under this type of marketing strategy, the company, Nivea Beiersdorf needs to concentrate its resources within specific market segments of the UK and Thailand (2006c). With this in mind, the firm needs to determine which segment of the two different markets have the better need of market penetration strategies. Although Thailand has a grater need of marketing penetration strategies since Nivea’s presence there is recent and the market growth is more competitive as compared to that of the British market, the concentrated strategy can be more efficiently is used in the British market since the company has been there for quite long. Under this type of marketing strategy, competition is currently recognized and small to medium-sized firms which offer the same marketing mix like Marks and Spencer have the capability to compete with the company given that Nivea Beiersdorf was already able to position itself above the cosmetics market as a premiere cosmetics company. On the other hand, the concentrated targeting strategy being employed by Nivea Beiersdorf in the UK is more on the maintenance and improvement of the market share in the country as well as coping up with the market growth factors that are involved (Kotler, 2003). Undifferentiated Strategies Along with the current concentrated strategies used by Nivea Beiesdorf in the UK and Thailand, under the undifferentiated strategy, the company positioning is not much taken seriously in the UK out of the already established reputation and is more concerned on the savings that the company could achieve. However, this target marketing strategy can be best employed in the Thai market out of the high level of nationalism of the locals towards their local products. Using this specific strategy, Nivea has to position itself as a local brand yet of foreign origin. That is, Nivea will have to establish itself as a product that is not much different from the local ones. This specific strategy is currently being employed by the company to date with a local factory as well as local employees being employed. This way, appreciation of the products of the company is simplified and savings on marketing can be used for other purposes. Although, this type of strategy is more susceptible to competiti on, the right amount of company vigilance of the Thai demographics must be carefully monitored (Kotler, 2003). Differentiated Strategies Under this type, the company is producing several types of products that would specifically cater to the needs of the different market segments present in both countries. A specific example of this is the range of products offered by Nivea aside from the usual white cream up to sun tan lotions, body sprays, etc. The targeting strategies being used here is a product based on the thorough analysis of the demographic factors that are present in the UK and Thailand. For example, the British market is composed of a high adult market segment with a high disposable income (2006b). The range of products to be developed for them suits the characteristics of this particular domain. On the Thai market on the other hand, there are a lot of the housewife segment with a middle-sized income who is obsessed with having white skin, hence, a different set of product offerings ought to be made for them (2006a). Company positioning therefore can be dictated by the product offerings that will be utilized by the company.

Nursing Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing Literature - Essay Example According to Davis et.al. (2003) there is no difference in the use of CPM post operatively or not. This study used randomized patients studied in three different group through a six month period. They looked at length of stay, pain control and flexion of the knee. The results of the research should that there was no difference in range of motion, pain, or utilization of services between patients that had just physical therapy and patients who also have CPM. This was supported by a study done by Denis et.al.(2006). This group performed a randomized control trial that was very similar and weighted the use of CPM in different intervals ranging from 35 minutes per day to continuous ROM. These were compared to patients who had active physical therapy. The results showed that there was no difference between the results of each of the combinations of therapy. Controversy comes when Wells et.al. (2008) did a meta-analysis of 14 studies. This analysis showed that in 14 randomized control trials the results were that CPM and PT increased active knee flexion and reduced hospital stay as well as pain and increased range of motion. Again, however, in the study done by Bruun-Olsen et.al (2009) in a randomized control trial done with active exercises versus CPM, results were very similar to other studies noted for this paper. There were not statistical differences noted between the control group and the trial group. Lenssen et.al. (2008) essentially agrees in his comparison of CPM during the 1st rehab phase to active physical therapy without CPM. This study shows only slight improvement with the use of CPM and is supported by Grilla (2008) who finds no support for CPM as improving any outcomes. In conclusion, of the six studies that were reviewed, only one supported the use of CPM for increased motion, reduced length of stay or reduced pain. One, which was a meta-analysis did support it but is vague in its content. From these six studies alone, there is no evidence based answer. There is reason to further research the use of CPM in post of knee replacement. References Bruun-Olsen, V., Heiberg, K. & Mengshoel, A. (2009). Continuous passive motion as an adjunct to active exercises in early rehabilitation following total knee arthroplasty. Disability and Rehabilitiation. 31(4). 277-283. Retrieved from Academic

Sexual harrasment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sexual harrasment - Essay Example ke visual, verbal or physical; which can be of sexual nature and as a result are referred to be sexual harassment when the behavior is not welcome and if it’s pervasive or severe. More examples of sexual discrimination conducts: Written or verbal: comments on personal behavior, clothing or person’s body sex-based or sexual jokes, repeatedly asking an individual out or request of sexual favors, sexual innuendoes, rumors concerning an individual’s sexual or personal life and threaten any person sexually. Non-sexual conduct can as well be sexual harassment when harassed when you are female rather than male and vice-versa (MacKinnon and Catherine, 1979). For instance, it is sexual harassment when a woman working as a carpenter on an all-male job; and you become the only one whereby tools are normally hidden by their male co-workers. A single unintended request for date or one making suggestive comment might offend a person may or may not be taken as sexual harassment. But several associated minor separate incidents may add up into sexual harassment, especially when the incidents influence your working conditions (William, Petrocelli and Repa, 1998). Some of the questions which an individual can ask himself to determine on whether a certain conduct is pervasive are: For how long has the harassment been taking place? How many times did occurrences take place? How many other individuals were sexually harassed? Harassments can range from distracting or annoying comments to acts of threats, intimidation or demands involving sexual conduct. Majority of people would be in agreement that any employee whom the supervisor conducts sexual needs accompanied by job associated threats is in a troubling or serious condition (MacKinnon and Catherine, 1979). This is particularly where there are fewer jobs and when the employee has got few job skills. Even though, less blatant kinds of sexual harassment can have serious impacts of jeopardizing employee’s gain or career

[Paul's case] Essay with little research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

[Paul's case] with little research - Essay Example 14). The name "Faust" comes from a charlatan alchemist (some claim astrologer and necromancer) whose pride and vanity lead to his doom. (elconnery.blogspot.com, also, en.Wikipedia.org) In the past, it was assumed that the comic scenes were additions by other writers. However, most scholars today consider the comedy an integral part of the play, as its tone shows the change in Faust’s ambitions. (Anon) With greater recognition, Faust became a Grand Opera, ending tragically in death. Paul’s death in Cather’s short story, prompting the comparison, transmogrifies a youth’s confused vision of Utopia into a destination attainable only after renouncing life. The story is one extensive allusion, interspersed with multiple cross references to images or symbols, some of which are complex and require background knowledge of literature from Shakespeare’s era. Faust or Faustus, is noted for his pact with the devil, in the form of Mephistopheles, a servant of Lucifer, the Devil incarnate. He also finds place in other works dealing with the netherworld. (Soldati, 1980 also Leslie Kay Swigart, 2004). Kennedy’s Faust (p 537) curses life –â€Å"would that I were never born† he says. The similarity to Paul’s bent of mind is striking. Cordelia was one of three daughters of King Lear, from Shakespeare’s play of the same name. The only unmarried Princess, she fell out of favor with her father and was disowned by him, ultimately dying a horrific death. (JSTOR) The loss of paternal love affected her in its own way, as it did with Paul. Cordelia is, therefore, an allusion. There is a dichotomy here, because if she was a person who Paul identified himself with, in the story she symbolizes all that he had grown to despise. This symbol was the embodiment of a dreary street, stretching monotonously with identical houses lining it on both sides. It

Project Management in SMEs

Project Management in SMEs Introduction To Literature Review: Literature Review is done by knowing a clear definition of SMEs, its role in the Indian economy. Then it is carried out by analyzing the definition of project management and its significance in the SMEs, and next the definition of project and its factors affecting the success of a project was discussed. This chapter also deals with the staffing of a project manager, project team and also about the effective skills required for a project manager to implement successful project management methodologies into an organization. This literature also covered by the critical analysis of effective risk management through Project Management practices in Small and Medium Enterprises in India, here mainly it was discussed about the types of risks that an organization encounters while establishing/choosing a vendor, and ways of analysis this risks through project management techniques. This chapter also explained about the ways of implementing a project management methodology into an SME and effec ts that a SME might face of implementing the project management tools and techniques. Definition Of Smes: SMEs can be defined in different forms due to broad mixture in business. A company is generally distinguished as a small or medium enterprise based on the total number of employees, total turnover and the balance sheet of the company. A company is considered as a small firm if it has 50 employees with an annual turnover of about  £5.6 million and an annual balance sheet of  £2.8 million. On the other hand, a firm is said to be a medium firm when it has a total of 250 employees with a turnover of about  £22.8million and a balance sheet of  £11.4million (company act 1985, Duke Ghosh, 2009). Role Of Smes In Indian Economy: SMEs are most vital part in the sustainable economical growth and participating in a long run of development of industrial sector from the past few years, SMEs are considered as a stepping stone for industrial growth. It has ability to transfer technology and modernization which brings economic success in this modern era. In the development of better and greater economic growth, competition, flexibility and good communication are the required parameters, for this reason SMEs are becoming like of mixture of competitiveness within the economy while providing flexibility and better communication system to the complete industrial structure. (Duke Ghosh, 2009) Recently the dimensions of the SMEs are seems likely to be increasing due to the government promotions and also its encouragement towards the goal of SMEs. The growth of the entrepreneurial sector have been raised from 870,000 businesses in 1981 to nearly 4 million by 2003 by the identification of importance and its development by the government of India. And it stood next to gigantic agricultural sector in providing the employment opportunities (Boulton and Turner, 2005). This SMEs are acting like a job providing engines, which indirectly raising the per capita of the nation economy. Such firms make significant contributions to private sector employment and output, which appears to be increasing overtime (Storey, 1994). The following diagram show the growth and the position of the development of the small industries development as on 2003 according to SIDO Importance Of Smes To The Indian Economy SMEs, however defined, constitute the majority of all enterprises in most of the economies in the world (OCED, 1998). SMEs are not only acting as employment generator but also achieved outstanding credit in Indian economy by satisfying its core objectives and being as a supporting body to the large firms. This is one of the main reasons why the SMEs have gained more attention from the politicians, policy-makers and academics. However, between 1945 and the late 1960s there was little interest in small firms from either the government or academics. According to Mr. Pawan Kumar Bansal, Union Ministry of State for Finance, Bangalore; says that SMEs are playing a vital role in socio-economic policies of Government of India. Foreign earning and imports of foreign capital goods contribution have been developed by the socio economic policies of India (Mr. Pawan Kumar, 2007). â€Å"SMEs were regarded as being poorly managed, badly organised and reliant on outmoded technologies to produce inferior products and services† (Manson and Harrison, 1990). For this reason the Indian government have implemented many more SMEs policies for their development and mainly focused on promoting clusters of small firms and supporting the development of high-tech sector such as IT sectors and BPOs in Bangalore, and this policies have been very successful as a results many of the outsourcing companies from western countries are moving to India (Patrizio B, et. al, 2006). Starting with wide varieties of situations and approach, a huge amount of SMEs policies have been implemented in developing countries like India (Parrilli, 2005). Services have been the fastest-growing sector of the Indian economy over the past decades and helped to accelerate the overall growth rate of the economy, this services have also made Indias integration with the world economy through trade and capital flows (Uma Kapila, 2009). The phenomenal growth and export in the services like IT and BPO have placed India on the global map as one of the major players in the field of knowledge-based services this also helped to improve the performance of the other sectors of the economy in turn helping the overall development. Project Management And Its Significance: This literature says before knowing about the significance of project management in SMEs, it is important to explain the definition of the project management and its approach of implementing a project as follows: Project Management: â€Å"The purpose of project management is to plan, organize and control all activity so that the project is completed as successfully as possible in spite of all the difficulties and risks. This process starts before any resources are committed and must continue until all work is finished. The aim is for the final result to satisfy the objectives of both the project performer and the customer† (Lock, 2006, p. 1) It is known that projects differ from each other in more ways than one. They might differ in their structure, mode of operation, funds allocated or even the strength they comprise of or their criticality to the business (Heldman, 2005). Even though a similar project has been carried out in the past, the projects may differ in one or more aspects such as administrative, physical and commercial or a change in ways of working etc; managing projects is a part of every business and is quintessential for the smooth functioning and success of the project. Project Management includes all necessary activities needed to plan and execute a project (Lock, 2006). The two most important steps involved in going about a project are discussed below: Step 1: To decide what needs to be done before the initiation of a project. The next set of requirements from a project management perspective is to estimate the cost of completing the project and make sure there are necessary funds available to execute the project so as to bring name and revenue to the organization (Burke, 1999). People involved in planning the project need to ensure beforehand that they pick the right people to execute the project and make them aware of the responsibilities assigned to them. Project resources are the key to success in any project and its rarely a one-man team (Heldman, 2005). Therefore, a team that has an open-minded approach towards the project and all other people involved in the project and be prepared to motivate and be motivated throughout the length of the project. This will encourage teamwork and commitment in what they do. One of the key things to ensure higher rates of success in a project is to choose the right mix of people and the right level of management looking for process improvement and thereby providing value added services to customers. This in turn helps organizations improve their efficiency and help them to stay on top of its competitors (Baron, 2005). Every person involved needs to be updated by project leaders and start the chain of communication to ensure adequate buy-in and at the same time commit to managing their expectations from the project. The main aim of communication is to keep everyone updated about any latest developments that take place and keep them engaged (PMBOK, 2004). Provide clear briefs to people involved in the project to obtain commitment on work and deliveries (Baron, 2005). The support of sponsors is very important by making them commit to your approach. (Burke, 1999) Meeting the expectations of the stakeholders, meeting of objectives and requirements, meeting budget, meeting deadlines etc (Jeston and Nelis, 2006). Step 2: We live in a competitive world where every firm attempts to make optimum use of resources and to be better than their competitors. This brings the area of proper planning and execution of the project. The main objective of planning a project well is to schedule and chart out the complete work for the project and then ensure arrangements are in order for work to start and continue as per schedule (Burke, 1999). For a project to be successful and be admired, it should complete on schedule. The project needs a leader who takes the final decision with the consent of all members in his/her team. He/she should portray the courtesy to listen to subordinates even when the opinion is not being considered or implemented (Heldman, 2005). People who carry out the project should be taken into confidence and spoken to regularly. Most importantly, a project should have clarity about its scope, objectives, responsibilities, cost and accountability, scope for improvement should be considered and stockholders should be kept in confidence (PMBOK, 2004). The literature explains that the project management methodologies allow the project manager to allocate and make more work done with less people and time, so it would be beneficial to the SME where it have very fewer people working. And also its make the organisation more effective by implementing more project in lesser time by providing clear control on the projects scope and changes and implementing them more effectively and efficiently. Project management improves the line of decision making; it also increases the quality of a project. SMEs can handle more projects by raising its business (Kerzner, 2003). Definition Of Project And Its Success Factors: Project: A project is a series of activities or tasks that have a specific objective to be completed within a determined specification; have defined start and end dates; usually funded and require resources (Kerzner 2003; Cooke-Davies 2001). When the project is said to be failed it is waste of capital, time and resource, a new lessons /techniques/methodologies have to be learned from the failed projects and the project manager/ project authorities have to continue for the new project. Project management is one of the methodologies which deals the projects in a systematic manner and says the following are the essential factors to be made to complete successfully with a project: Clarity In Project Definition: Project manager has to make himself/herself with a clear idea and definition of the project, but not only he/she but also to his/her project team. He/she have to make sure about the project specifications such as â€Å"what the project is about† its aim, objectives, and its deliverables, etc. For example we can talk about the case studies of some unsuccessful projects due to indistinct objectives and aims which are documented by Gray and Larson (Gray and Larson, 2002). Thus the chances of increasing project success lies in clear and distinct objectives and aims. Project Feasibility: It is one among the factors which talks about the social, economical, political, human, cultural, financial and environmental factors which underpins to the achievement of the project (Fullen, 2005). According to Khatib this factors would produce a good result for a project which undergoes a serious study, specified aim and objective and allocation of time (Khatib, 2003). Consistent feasibility makes a project manager to define himself with a clear and well project aim, time specifications, and allocation of resources. A positive feasibility brings more chances to lead a project success. Planning: â€Å"According to Kerzner project planning; in general, can best be described as the function of selecting the enterprise objectives and establishing the policies, procedures, and programs necessary for achieving them. It can be described as a forecasting the environment and predefined course of action† (Kerzner, 2003 ). According to Kerzner, there are four basic reasons for project planning: Elimination or reduction of uncertainty. Improving the efficiency of the operation. Understanding a better understanding of the objectives. To provide a basis for monitoring and controlling work. (Adapted from Kerzner, 2003) Work Breakdown Structure (Wbs): The important task to be done by the project manger after project planning is dividing the work into manageable tasks. â€Å"The work breakdown structure is a deliverable-oriented hierarchical decomposition of the work to be executed by the project team, to accomplish the project objectives and create the required deliverables† (PMBOK, 2004). The work breakdown structure also explains complete scope of the project. The WBS divides the work into small tasks which are manageable and will have a specific responsible authority will be allocated, it will be in a manner of integratable so that the total work package is the summation of subdivided elements, and it will be as much as easy to be measure in terms of progress like estimating cost, scheduling, monitoring, and controlling (Kerzner, 2003). Involvement Of Project Stakeholders: â€Å"Project stakeholders are the individuals and organizations that are actively involved in the project, or whose interests may be affected as a result of project execution or project completion. They may also exert influence over the projects objectives and outcomes† (PMBOK, 2004). Project stakeholders are also a part of the project success, to ensure this success the project team have to identify their requirements, expectations, and their influence on the project. Stakeholders may have various levels of authority/responsibility on the project; they may vary from occasional contributors to full sponsors for the project. â€Å"Stakeholder who ignores this responsibility can have a damaging impact on the project objectives. Likewise, project managers who ignore stakeholders can expect a damaging impact on project outcomes† (PMBOK, 2004). The above figure shows that every individual project is similar to the structure of the earth where in each sector plays an important role here the most interior structure is project manager who forms the base of any project. The project manager forms the integral part of a project management team along with whom he carry on the project. The project manager and the project management team together comprises of a project team where in this team wholly concentrate on the project that is to be taken. These three together works for the satisfaction of the stakeholders interested in the completion of the project it may comprises of the senior management of the company the owners and the clients of the company. Staffing The Project Manager And Project Team: As mention above to my literature the successful project includes; on time delivery, must come across stakeholders expectations, within budget and have to congregate the project deliverables (Cooke-Davies, 2004). Project manager is one who plays a vital role to mix all stuff to formulate the project to a success. â€Å"Project manager is the individual ultimately responsible for managing and leading the project to its successful conclusion† (Paul D, 2005). It is a role that entails a mix of competencies, combining management with leadership and political awareness (Pinto, 2000). Though understanding the role of project manager sounds good, but the upper management always find difficulties in the selection of a correct project manager. â€Å"Project management is said to be successful only if the project manager and his team are totally dedicated to the successful completion of the project. This requires the project team and project manager must have good understanding of the fundamental project requirements† (Kerzner, 2003). For this reason the upper management have to look up/focus at the following skills in the selection process from the individual to appoint him/her as a project manager: (this are requirements demanded by a SME in its advertisement for a facilities planning and development project manager (adapted from The New York Times, January 2, 1972) (source: Kerzner, 2003) Business Management Skills: If project management is itself an organization, as the whole project group will work as a solo unit for the achievement of a common goal, then the project manager is the CEO of this organization. So the organization skills are predominantly important during project development. With strong business management skills, he/she must be able to achieve the most excellent hysterics across teams and in the midst of all project resources of the organisation. â€Å"It requires defining the reporting relationship, responsibilities, line of control, and information needs. A good program plan and a task matrix are useful organisation tools plus clear defined program objectives, open communication channels, good program leadership, and senior management support† (Kerzner, 2003). Leadership Skills: Project manager is the one who has to manage his/her team and make them to follow him/her, has to act as a leader. He/she has to have a clear project leadership and own direction to direct the team members. He/she must be able to solve the conflicts, assistance in problem-solving, as a project leader he/she as to represent his/her team to upper level management. He/she as to motivate the project team members towards common vision. Project manager as a leader has to remain as a inspiration to his/her project team (Kerzner, 2003). Technical Skills: Technical skills is an superlative addition remark for a project manager, if his proficiency applicable to the project, by this he/she can have good thoughts and understanding about the projects and can work out more for his/her profound project objective (Horine 2005; Murch 2001). Now a day this skills achieved a greater importance, without technical skills a project manager cannot understand the present market, updated technology and the environment of the business. With the help of these technical skills one can understand the consequences or technical risks that encounter in the project, for example a software engineer being as a project manager and handling a software development project can easily sort the risks that appear in that project. He/she can make sure of his/her project team with a clear understanding of the foreseen risks that may appear in the project. â€Å"According to Kerzner, 2003 the technical expertise is composed of the following understanding: Technology involved Engineering tools and techniques employed Specified markets, their customers, and requirements Product application Technological trends and evolutions Relationship among supporting technologies People who are part of the technical community† (Source: Kerzner, 2003) Communication Skills: Another important skill set must be posed by the project manager is communication skills. â€Å"Project manager influence people o take action, this requires an ability to communicate in a style appropriate for the individual concerned† (Paul D, 2005). Project manager is the communication channel throughout the project. Project manager is effective means of communication hub between the project team and the end users. Project manager have to act as a communication radio and have to carry the stakeholders expectations towards the project team and have to bring the project to a successful effective end. Moreover, a successful project manager ensures smooth information sharing across teams via instilling a communication-driven environment that allows for efficient spread, user-friendliness and use of information. Conflict Resolution Skills: No project end up successfully without any conflicts, there might be foreseen risks or conflicts between the project team members or conflicts between project team and stakeholders. So this is the main reason that the project manager, the CEO of project management organization has to possess the problem solving skills/conflict resolution skills. Project success lies with how well the project manager solves the problems/conflicts. Soundness of the solution taken by the project manager with a logical and analytical thinking conforms how well the project manager good at reaching the project to a successful end. However these conflicts are beneficial to a project which indirectly increases the competiveness among the team members involved the project (Kerzner, 2003). Project Management Experience: Implementing successful project management lies in the hands of able project manager, so the project manager is responsible character and must possess prior project management experience in general. Project management is body of knowledge which can be learned from the realistic knowledge, but its not a skill which comes by itself. A well qualified project manager will be very much able to implement a successful project management into an organization. Past knowledge makes a manager to overcome all the challenges that he/she face in completing a project by using project management. Other Skills: There are so many other skills such as planning, resource allocation, management support building, and time management skills, etc, which make the project manager to lay his/her path successful in controlling the projects successfully. Not only this but also the entrepreneurial skills and administrative skills are very important in understanding the tactics and implement them in his/her own project and make the project victorious (Kerzner, 2003). A Critical Analysis Of Effective Risk Management Through Project Management Practices In Small And Medium Enterprises In India: Risk: Vose (2008, p. 3) defines the term risk as â€Å"a random event that may possibly occur and, if it did occur, would have a negative impact on the goals of the organization. Thus, a risk is composed of three elements: the scenario; its probability of occurrence; and the size of its impact if it did occur†. Any risk could prove an organisation wrong in its quest to achieve success. Risks can occur in various forms and their impact can vary under a lot of factors. In a high cost business environment that is under fierce competition from companies not just on a national, but also on a global level, the chances of risks arising multiply quickly and heavily (Crouhy et al., 2000). A firm can easily lose its name in the market because they had overlooked a miniscule drawback that their competitors overcame. Therefore, risks not only carry financial implications with them, but also other factors such as brand image, market credibility or loss of market share. To analyse and understand these implications, it is necessary to understand the types of risks and their varying characteristics (Flynn, 2008). Click and Duening (2004) have come up with a list of the various types of risks such as human capital risks, Confidentiality risks, overall project risks, and scope risks, delay risks, estimation risks and dependency risks may occur in the business. In addition to this there might be property (intellectual), legal, value related or unavoidable natural risks that generally exist and arise in a business. Types of risks: Human capital risks This has always been an important part of the business activity. People who work towards organizational goals are the most critical assets of the firm and the project (Beasley et al., 2004). A loss of an employee who was very important to the smooth functioning of a project can be a risky proposition because a new individual joining the project would need time to understand and evaluate a lot of factors contributing to the project. This would invariably lead to loss of productivity, a slump in team morale or even loss of time and money (Flynn, 2008). Project risks – These risks arise because of a lot of other risks contributing to the main risk of a project being delayed or even shelved in certain cases. There have also been instances where proper planning and regulation were absent or goals misunderstood leading to extended timeframes to complete the project thus leading to increased investments of critical resources (Sanchez Canton, 1998). A very good example of project risks can be seen in Government funded public projects or even military developmental projects where public time and money is involved. Confidentiality risk: The second most important risk that may appear in dealing a project is confidentiality risk, it mostly appear due to lack of secrecy. This is especially for the large projects. The information have to be kept confidential, if not the competitors with large team members may understand the work flow/formulae of the project and be able to built the project earlier as before you can. We must be careful especially when we involve contractors or outsiders into the project. Effective project management may help in having a good communication line among the team members, marketing staff, and contractors; this may helps to keep the information confidential (T Kendrick, 2009) Scope risks: This is another type of risk which mostly appears when the project starts to take a shape. This is due to requirement of a new technology, unfamiliar developments of tools or methods, poor testing criteria, inconsistent specification, undefined product definition, and technical complication (T Kendrick, 2009) Delay risks: Delay risk is part of schedule risks and these are after scope risks, these risks mainly appear due to the delay of the essential parts required for a project, it include customs, Paperwork, delivery, and related concerns. This is also due to the delay of information needed, communication gap and misunderstanding among the team members/ project stakeholders, etc. Due this factor the project may delay for some days, months or may be for years (T Kendrick, 2009) Estimating risks: Estimating risk appears mostly in technical projects. Project manager mostly says the typical risks arise in the project is estimating risks. Estimating risks occurs when there are learning curves ( when the quality of estimates of new technology, or new people involvement is not good), judgements (misunderstanding, disintegration of work), and imposed deadlines (forceful deadlines set in advance, when an objective is retained) (T Kendrick, 2009) Dependency risks: Other projects, infrastructure factors, and legal issues are three sub categories of dependency risks. In general large project are sub divided into small projects and mostly these small project will be dependent on the other, unfortunately when one small project is delayed/stopped the other projects which are dependent on it will be delayed. â€Å"Even for the interfaces that were defined in advance, delay was fairly common due to the uncertainty in each project† (T Kendrick, 2009) The above section has detailed the different types of risks that normally exist or co-exist in projects. Their modes of occurrence and the impact they can have on the project and the firm has been explained in brief. The following part would attempt to explain ways that firms, projects and managers involved employ to analyse and manage the same since the occurrence of a risk can pose a threat to the above in terms of time, money or even failure to deliver what has been promised. Analyzing And Managing Risks: Ways to manage risks with limited impact on other resources: Risks are present in abundance in any IT and outsourcing industries because of the processes being tightly interlinked such as business processes, database, or process reengineering. Therefore, it is very important to: Identify risks. Weigh risks for probability of risk occurring. Weigh risks for criticality/impact at your operations. Plan to reduce risk (to zero if appropriate, for example for a safety critical industry) (Sanchez Canton, 1998). A simple way of explaining risk analysis is to take an airplane for example because the traveler, who is the user, has zero tolerance to risks. In similar manner, risk analysis can be carried out for other products and services too. The most important indicative risks are business continuity management risks, information security/data privacy risks and process related risks (Lock, 2001). The need to evaluate and monitor risks involved from an Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) perspective takes higher priority over other means of analysis in the information age of business (Flynn, 2008). It can be seen in the ERM diagram below the different risks across the entire organization that exist or arise and the need for them to be managed effectively (Beasley et al., 2004). An important reason firms should stress on analysing risks is the realization that risks delay chances of sticking to time schedules agreed by project leaders to customers in turn; leading to increased investment of resources in the form of man hours and time (PMBOK, 2004). This causes increase in investment of capital, which is something neither customers nor firms involved like to do. Risks occur at every stage of a project thus increasing stress on carrying out risk analysis and minimize the effects of risks on a given project. It means that risks and errors still occur when thorough analyses of their occurrence have been chalked out and steps have been implemented to minimize the effects they have on a project (Burke, 1999). However, prior knowledge of a risk occurring at a given period in the project enables people involved to counter the risk effectively and minimize or erase the impact it could have had on the project. Before the project could be initiated, assessing risks by knowing in exact what the project intends to do and the reason for it to be outsourced becomes very important. This could include assessing project behaviour under varying market conditions and the expected growth rate it can attain within a given period of time (Dickson, 2003). Risks need to be analyzed in a detailed manner by the top management in order to understand the various options available to conduct a cost-benefit analysis. This understanding and analysis becomes significant in implementing a sound risk management plan. A project taken up poses as a risk in itself to explore opportunities that lie waiting on the other side. Therefore, threats need to be minimized a Project Management in SMEs Project Management in SMEs Introduction To Literature Review: Literature Review is done by knowing a clear definition of SMEs, its role in the Indian economy. Then it is carried out by analyzing the definition of project management and its significance in the SMEs, and next the definition of project and its factors affecting the success of a project was discussed. This chapter also deals with the staffing of a project manager, project team and also about the effective skills required for a project manager to implement successful project management methodologies into an organization. This literature also covered by the critical analysis of effective risk management through Project Management practices in Small and Medium Enterprises in India, here mainly it was discussed about the types of risks that an organization encounters while establishing/choosing a vendor, and ways of analysis this risks through project management techniques. This chapter also explained about the ways of implementing a project management methodology into an SME and effec ts that a SME might face of implementing the project management tools and techniques. Definition Of Smes: SMEs can be defined in different forms due to broad mixture in business. A company is generally distinguished as a small or medium enterprise based on the total number of employees, total turnover and the balance sheet of the company. A company is considered as a small firm if it has 50 employees with an annual turnover of about  £5.6 million and an annual balance sheet of  £2.8 million. On the other hand, a firm is said to be a medium firm when it has a total of 250 employees with a turnover of about  £22.8million and a balance sheet of  £11.4million (company act 1985, Duke Ghosh, 2009). Role Of Smes In Indian Economy: SMEs are most vital part in the sustainable economical growth and participating in a long run of development of industrial sector from the past few years, SMEs are considered as a stepping stone for industrial growth. It has ability to transfer technology and modernization which brings economic success in this modern era. In the development of better and greater economic growth, competition, flexibility and good communication are the required parameters, for this reason SMEs are becoming like of mixture of competitiveness within the economy while providing flexibility and better communication system to the complete industrial structure. (Duke Ghosh, 2009) Recently the dimensions of the SMEs are seems likely to be increasing due to the government promotions and also its encouragement towards the goal of SMEs. The growth of the entrepreneurial sector have been raised from 870,000 businesses in 1981 to nearly 4 million by 2003 by the identification of importance and its development by the government of India. And it stood next to gigantic agricultural sector in providing the employment opportunities (Boulton and Turner, 2005). This SMEs are acting like a job providing engines, which indirectly raising the per capita of the nation economy. Such firms make significant contributions to private sector employment and output, which appears to be increasing overtime (Storey, 1994). The following diagram show the growth and the position of the development of the small industries development as on 2003 according to SIDO Importance Of Smes To The Indian Economy SMEs, however defined, constitute the majority of all enterprises in most of the economies in the world (OCED, 1998). SMEs are not only acting as employment generator but also achieved outstanding credit in Indian economy by satisfying its core objectives and being as a supporting body to the large firms. This is one of the main reasons why the SMEs have gained more attention from the politicians, policy-makers and academics. However, between 1945 and the late 1960s there was little interest in small firms from either the government or academics. According to Mr. Pawan Kumar Bansal, Union Ministry of State for Finance, Bangalore; says that SMEs are playing a vital role in socio-economic policies of Government of India. Foreign earning and imports of foreign capital goods contribution have been developed by the socio economic policies of India (Mr. Pawan Kumar, 2007). â€Å"SMEs were regarded as being poorly managed, badly organised and reliant on outmoded technologies to produce inferior products and services† (Manson and Harrison, 1990). For this reason the Indian government have implemented many more SMEs policies for their development and mainly focused on promoting clusters of small firms and supporting the development of high-tech sector such as IT sectors and BPOs in Bangalore, and this policies have been very successful as a results many of the outsourcing companies from western countries are moving to India (Patrizio B, et. al, 2006). Starting with wide varieties of situations and approach, a huge amount of SMEs policies have been implemented in developing countries like India (Parrilli, 2005). Services have been the fastest-growing sector of the Indian economy over the past decades and helped to accelerate the overall growth rate of the economy, this services have also made Indias integration with the world economy through trade and capital flows (Uma Kapila, 2009). The phenomenal growth and export in the services like IT and BPO have placed India on the global map as one of the major players in the field of knowledge-based services this also helped to improve the performance of the other sectors of the economy in turn helping the overall development. Project Management And Its Significance: This literature says before knowing about the significance of project management in SMEs, it is important to explain the definition of the project management and its approach of implementing a project as follows: Project Management: â€Å"The purpose of project management is to plan, organize and control all activity so that the project is completed as successfully as possible in spite of all the difficulties and risks. This process starts before any resources are committed and must continue until all work is finished. The aim is for the final result to satisfy the objectives of both the project performer and the customer† (Lock, 2006, p. 1) It is known that projects differ from each other in more ways than one. They might differ in their structure, mode of operation, funds allocated or even the strength they comprise of or their criticality to the business (Heldman, 2005). Even though a similar project has been carried out in the past, the projects may differ in one or more aspects such as administrative, physical and commercial or a change in ways of working etc; managing projects is a part of every business and is quintessential for the smooth functioning and success of the project. Project Management includes all necessary activities needed to plan and execute a project (Lock, 2006). The two most important steps involved in going about a project are discussed below: Step 1: To decide what needs to be done before the initiation of a project. The next set of requirements from a project management perspective is to estimate the cost of completing the project and make sure there are necessary funds available to execute the project so as to bring name and revenue to the organization (Burke, 1999). People involved in planning the project need to ensure beforehand that they pick the right people to execute the project and make them aware of the responsibilities assigned to them. Project resources are the key to success in any project and its rarely a one-man team (Heldman, 2005). Therefore, a team that has an open-minded approach towards the project and all other people involved in the project and be prepared to motivate and be motivated throughout the length of the project. This will encourage teamwork and commitment in what they do. One of the key things to ensure higher rates of success in a project is to choose the right mix of people and the right level of management looking for process improvement and thereby providing value added services to customers. This in turn helps organizations improve their efficiency and help them to stay on top of its competitors (Baron, 2005). Every person involved needs to be updated by project leaders and start the chain of communication to ensure adequate buy-in and at the same time commit to managing their expectations from the project. The main aim of communication is to keep everyone updated about any latest developments that take place and keep them engaged (PMBOK, 2004). Provide clear briefs to people involved in the project to obtain commitment on work and deliveries (Baron, 2005). The support of sponsors is very important by making them commit to your approach. (Burke, 1999) Meeting the expectations of the stakeholders, meeting of objectives and requirements, meeting budget, meeting deadlines etc (Jeston and Nelis, 2006). Step 2: We live in a competitive world where every firm attempts to make optimum use of resources and to be better than their competitors. This brings the area of proper planning and execution of the project. The main objective of planning a project well is to schedule and chart out the complete work for the project and then ensure arrangements are in order for work to start and continue as per schedule (Burke, 1999). For a project to be successful and be admired, it should complete on schedule. The project needs a leader who takes the final decision with the consent of all members in his/her team. He/she should portray the courtesy to listen to subordinates even when the opinion is not being considered or implemented (Heldman, 2005). People who carry out the project should be taken into confidence and spoken to regularly. Most importantly, a project should have clarity about its scope, objectives, responsibilities, cost and accountability, scope for improvement should be considered and stockholders should be kept in confidence (PMBOK, 2004). The literature explains that the project management methodologies allow the project manager to allocate and make more work done with less people and time, so it would be beneficial to the SME where it have very fewer people working. And also its make the organisation more effective by implementing more project in lesser time by providing clear control on the projects scope and changes and implementing them more effectively and efficiently. Project management improves the line of decision making; it also increases the quality of a project. SMEs can handle more projects by raising its business (Kerzner, 2003). Definition Of Project And Its Success Factors: Project: A project is a series of activities or tasks that have a specific objective to be completed within a determined specification; have defined start and end dates; usually funded and require resources (Kerzner 2003; Cooke-Davies 2001). When the project is said to be failed it is waste of capital, time and resource, a new lessons /techniques/methodologies have to be learned from the failed projects and the project manager/ project authorities have to continue for the new project. Project management is one of the methodologies which deals the projects in a systematic manner and says the following are the essential factors to be made to complete successfully with a project: Clarity In Project Definition: Project manager has to make himself/herself with a clear idea and definition of the project, but not only he/she but also to his/her project team. He/she have to make sure about the project specifications such as â€Å"what the project is about† its aim, objectives, and its deliverables, etc. For example we can talk about the case studies of some unsuccessful projects due to indistinct objectives and aims which are documented by Gray and Larson (Gray and Larson, 2002). Thus the chances of increasing project success lies in clear and distinct objectives and aims. Project Feasibility: It is one among the factors which talks about the social, economical, political, human, cultural, financial and environmental factors which underpins to the achievement of the project (Fullen, 2005). According to Khatib this factors would produce a good result for a project which undergoes a serious study, specified aim and objective and allocation of time (Khatib, 2003). Consistent feasibility makes a project manager to define himself with a clear and well project aim, time specifications, and allocation of resources. A positive feasibility brings more chances to lead a project success. Planning: â€Å"According to Kerzner project planning; in general, can best be described as the function of selecting the enterprise objectives and establishing the policies, procedures, and programs necessary for achieving them. It can be described as a forecasting the environment and predefined course of action† (Kerzner, 2003 ). According to Kerzner, there are four basic reasons for project planning: Elimination or reduction of uncertainty. Improving the efficiency of the operation. Understanding a better understanding of the objectives. To provide a basis for monitoring and controlling work. (Adapted from Kerzner, 2003) Work Breakdown Structure (Wbs): The important task to be done by the project manger after project planning is dividing the work into manageable tasks. â€Å"The work breakdown structure is a deliverable-oriented hierarchical decomposition of the work to be executed by the project team, to accomplish the project objectives and create the required deliverables† (PMBOK, 2004). The work breakdown structure also explains complete scope of the project. The WBS divides the work into small tasks which are manageable and will have a specific responsible authority will be allocated, it will be in a manner of integratable so that the total work package is the summation of subdivided elements, and it will be as much as easy to be measure in terms of progress like estimating cost, scheduling, monitoring, and controlling (Kerzner, 2003). Involvement Of Project Stakeholders: â€Å"Project stakeholders are the individuals and organizations that are actively involved in the project, or whose interests may be affected as a result of project execution or project completion. They may also exert influence over the projects objectives and outcomes† (PMBOK, 2004). Project stakeholders are also a part of the project success, to ensure this success the project team have to identify their requirements, expectations, and their influence on the project. Stakeholders may have various levels of authority/responsibility on the project; they may vary from occasional contributors to full sponsors for the project. â€Å"Stakeholder who ignores this responsibility can have a damaging impact on the project objectives. Likewise, project managers who ignore stakeholders can expect a damaging impact on project outcomes† (PMBOK, 2004). The above figure shows that every individual project is similar to the structure of the earth where in each sector plays an important role here the most interior structure is project manager who forms the base of any project. The project manager forms the integral part of a project management team along with whom he carry on the project. The project manager and the project management team together comprises of a project team where in this team wholly concentrate on the project that is to be taken. These three together works for the satisfaction of the stakeholders interested in the completion of the project it may comprises of the senior management of the company the owners and the clients of the company. Staffing The Project Manager And Project Team: As mention above to my literature the successful project includes; on time delivery, must come across stakeholders expectations, within budget and have to congregate the project deliverables (Cooke-Davies, 2004). Project manager is one who plays a vital role to mix all stuff to formulate the project to a success. â€Å"Project manager is the individual ultimately responsible for managing and leading the project to its successful conclusion† (Paul D, 2005). It is a role that entails a mix of competencies, combining management with leadership and political awareness (Pinto, 2000). Though understanding the role of project manager sounds good, but the upper management always find difficulties in the selection of a correct project manager. â€Å"Project management is said to be successful only if the project manager and his team are totally dedicated to the successful completion of the project. This requires the project team and project manager must have good understanding of the fundamental project requirements† (Kerzner, 2003). For this reason the upper management have to look up/focus at the following skills in the selection process from the individual to appoint him/her as a project manager: (this are requirements demanded by a SME in its advertisement for a facilities planning and development project manager (adapted from The New York Times, January 2, 1972) (source: Kerzner, 2003) Business Management Skills: If project management is itself an organization, as the whole project group will work as a solo unit for the achievement of a common goal, then the project manager is the CEO of this organization. So the organization skills are predominantly important during project development. With strong business management skills, he/she must be able to achieve the most excellent hysterics across teams and in the midst of all project resources of the organisation. â€Å"It requires defining the reporting relationship, responsibilities, line of control, and information needs. A good program plan and a task matrix are useful organisation tools plus clear defined program objectives, open communication channels, good program leadership, and senior management support† (Kerzner, 2003). Leadership Skills: Project manager is the one who has to manage his/her team and make them to follow him/her, has to act as a leader. He/she has to have a clear project leadership and own direction to direct the team members. He/she must be able to solve the conflicts, assistance in problem-solving, as a project leader he/she as to represent his/her team to upper level management. He/she as to motivate the project team members towards common vision. Project manager as a leader has to remain as a inspiration to his/her project team (Kerzner, 2003). Technical Skills: Technical skills is an superlative addition remark for a project manager, if his proficiency applicable to the project, by this he/she can have good thoughts and understanding about the projects and can work out more for his/her profound project objective (Horine 2005; Murch 2001). Now a day this skills achieved a greater importance, without technical skills a project manager cannot understand the present market, updated technology and the environment of the business. With the help of these technical skills one can understand the consequences or technical risks that encounter in the project, for example a software engineer being as a project manager and handling a software development project can easily sort the risks that appear in that project. He/she can make sure of his/her project team with a clear understanding of the foreseen risks that may appear in the project. â€Å"According to Kerzner, 2003 the technical expertise is composed of the following understanding: Technology involved Engineering tools and techniques employed Specified markets, their customers, and requirements Product application Technological trends and evolutions Relationship among supporting technologies People who are part of the technical community† (Source: Kerzner, 2003) Communication Skills: Another important skill set must be posed by the project manager is communication skills. â€Å"Project manager influence people o take action, this requires an ability to communicate in a style appropriate for the individual concerned† (Paul D, 2005). Project manager is the communication channel throughout the project. Project manager is effective means of communication hub between the project team and the end users. Project manager have to act as a communication radio and have to carry the stakeholders expectations towards the project team and have to bring the project to a successful effective end. Moreover, a successful project manager ensures smooth information sharing across teams via instilling a communication-driven environment that allows for efficient spread, user-friendliness and use of information. Conflict Resolution Skills: No project end up successfully without any conflicts, there might be foreseen risks or conflicts between the project team members or conflicts between project team and stakeholders. So this is the main reason that the project manager, the CEO of project management organization has to possess the problem solving skills/conflict resolution skills. Project success lies with how well the project manager solves the problems/conflicts. Soundness of the solution taken by the project manager with a logical and analytical thinking conforms how well the project manager good at reaching the project to a successful end. However these conflicts are beneficial to a project which indirectly increases the competiveness among the team members involved the project (Kerzner, 2003). Project Management Experience: Implementing successful project management lies in the hands of able project manager, so the project manager is responsible character and must possess prior project management experience in general. Project management is body of knowledge which can be learned from the realistic knowledge, but its not a skill which comes by itself. A well qualified project manager will be very much able to implement a successful project management into an organization. Past knowledge makes a manager to overcome all the challenges that he/she face in completing a project by using project management. Other Skills: There are so many other skills such as planning, resource allocation, management support building, and time management skills, etc, which make the project manager to lay his/her path successful in controlling the projects successfully. Not only this but also the entrepreneurial skills and administrative skills are very important in understanding the tactics and implement them in his/her own project and make the project victorious (Kerzner, 2003). A Critical Analysis Of Effective Risk Management Through Project Management Practices In Small And Medium Enterprises In India: Risk: Vose (2008, p. 3) defines the term risk as â€Å"a random event that may possibly occur and, if it did occur, would have a negative impact on the goals of the organization. Thus, a risk is composed of three elements: the scenario; its probability of occurrence; and the size of its impact if it did occur†. Any risk could prove an organisation wrong in its quest to achieve success. Risks can occur in various forms and their impact can vary under a lot of factors. In a high cost business environment that is under fierce competition from companies not just on a national, but also on a global level, the chances of risks arising multiply quickly and heavily (Crouhy et al., 2000). A firm can easily lose its name in the market because they had overlooked a miniscule drawback that their competitors overcame. Therefore, risks not only carry financial implications with them, but also other factors such as brand image, market credibility or loss of market share. To analyse and understand these implications, it is necessary to understand the types of risks and their varying characteristics (Flynn, 2008). Click and Duening (2004) have come up with a list of the various types of risks such as human capital risks, Confidentiality risks, overall project risks, and scope risks, delay risks, estimation risks and dependency risks may occur in the business. In addition to this there might be property (intellectual), legal, value related or unavoidable natural risks that generally exist and arise in a business. Types of risks: Human capital risks This has always been an important part of the business activity. People who work towards organizational goals are the most critical assets of the firm and the project (Beasley et al., 2004). A loss of an employee who was very important to the smooth functioning of a project can be a risky proposition because a new individual joining the project would need time to understand and evaluate a lot of factors contributing to the project. This would invariably lead to loss of productivity, a slump in team morale or even loss of time and money (Flynn, 2008). Project risks – These risks arise because of a lot of other risks contributing to the main risk of a project being delayed or even shelved in certain cases. There have also been instances where proper planning and regulation were absent or goals misunderstood leading to extended timeframes to complete the project thus leading to increased investments of critical resources (Sanchez Canton, 1998). A very good example of project risks can be seen in Government funded public projects or even military developmental projects where public time and money is involved. Confidentiality risk: The second most important risk that may appear in dealing a project is confidentiality risk, it mostly appear due to lack of secrecy. This is especially for the large projects. The information have to be kept confidential, if not the competitors with large team members may understand the work flow/formulae of the project and be able to built the project earlier as before you can. We must be careful especially when we involve contractors or outsiders into the project. Effective project management may help in having a good communication line among the team members, marketing staff, and contractors; this may helps to keep the information confidential (T Kendrick, 2009) Scope risks: This is another type of risk which mostly appears when the project starts to take a shape. This is due to requirement of a new technology, unfamiliar developments of tools or methods, poor testing criteria, inconsistent specification, undefined product definition, and technical complication (T Kendrick, 2009) Delay risks: Delay risk is part of schedule risks and these are after scope risks, these risks mainly appear due to the delay of the essential parts required for a project, it include customs, Paperwork, delivery, and related concerns. This is also due to the delay of information needed, communication gap and misunderstanding among the team members/ project stakeholders, etc. Due this factor the project may delay for some days, months or may be for years (T Kendrick, 2009) Estimating risks: Estimating risk appears mostly in technical projects. Project manager mostly says the typical risks arise in the project is estimating risks. Estimating risks occurs when there are learning curves ( when the quality of estimates of new technology, or new people involvement is not good), judgements (misunderstanding, disintegration of work), and imposed deadlines (forceful deadlines set in advance, when an objective is retained) (T Kendrick, 2009) Dependency risks: Other projects, infrastructure factors, and legal issues are three sub categories of dependency risks. In general large project are sub divided into small projects and mostly these small project will be dependent on the other, unfortunately when one small project is delayed/stopped the other projects which are dependent on it will be delayed. â€Å"Even for the interfaces that were defined in advance, delay was fairly common due to the uncertainty in each project† (T Kendrick, 2009) The above section has detailed the different types of risks that normally exist or co-exist in projects. Their modes of occurrence and the impact they can have on the project and the firm has been explained in brief. The following part would attempt to explain ways that firms, projects and managers involved employ to analyse and manage the same since the occurrence of a risk can pose a threat to the above in terms of time, money or even failure to deliver what has been promised. Analyzing And Managing Risks: Ways to manage risks with limited impact on other resources: Risks are present in abundance in any IT and outsourcing industries because of the processes being tightly interlinked such as business processes, database, or process reengineering. Therefore, it is very important to: Identify risks. Weigh risks for probability of risk occurring. Weigh risks for criticality/impact at your operations. Plan to reduce risk (to zero if appropriate, for example for a safety critical industry) (Sanchez Canton, 1998). A simple way of explaining risk analysis is to take an airplane for example because the traveler, who is the user, has zero tolerance to risks. In similar manner, risk analysis can be carried out for other products and services too. The most important indicative risks are business continuity management risks, information security/data privacy risks and process related risks (Lock, 2001). The need to evaluate and monitor risks involved from an Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) perspective takes higher priority over other means of analysis in the information age of business (Flynn, 2008). It can be seen in the ERM diagram below the different risks across the entire organization that exist or arise and the need for them to be managed effectively (Beasley et al., 2004). An important reason firms should stress on analysing risks is the realization that risks delay chances of sticking to time schedules agreed by project leaders to customers in turn; leading to increased investment of resources in the form of man hours and time (PMBOK, 2004). This causes increase in investment of capital, which is something neither customers nor firms involved like to do. Risks occur at every stage of a project thus increasing stress on carrying out risk analysis and minimize the effects of risks on a given project. It means that risks and errors still occur when thorough analyses of their occurrence have been chalked out and steps have been implemented to minimize the effects they have on a project (Burke, 1999). However, prior knowledge of a risk occurring at a given period in the project enables people involved to counter the risk effectively and minimize or erase the impact it could have had on the project. Before the project could be initiated, assessing risks by knowing in exact what the project intends to do and the reason for it to be outsourced becomes very important. This could include assessing project behaviour under varying market conditions and the expected growth rate it can attain within a given period of time (Dickson, 2003). Risks need to be analyzed in a detailed manner by the top management in order to understand the various options available to conduct a cost-benefit analysis. This understanding and analysis becomes significant in implementing a sound risk management plan. A project taken up poses as a risk in itself to explore opportunities that lie waiting on the other side. Therefore, threats need to be minimized a